• Bridges, Footbridges and Catwalks
• Plane Structures
• Hybrid Structures

Bridges, Footbridges and Catwalks
Space Structures also known as Spatial Structures are structures that resist external actions by distributing their effects in three-dimensions (hence the term 'space'…'). Any structure that is detailed to behave in 3D and structurally modeled and analyzed in 3D can be considered as a space structure.

Makowski defines Space Structures as 'skeletal frameworks, as a rule consisting of simple modular, pre-fabricated units, often of standard size and shape, which combine into a light, but very rigid, three-dimensional structure'.

Industrial and Storage Sheds
Industrial and storage sheds were generally of conventional steel trusses on steel or RCC columns. With the increased popularity of folded plates and pre-cast pre-stressed concepts, lot of RCC industrial an storage structures were constructed.

Space frame roofs became very popular in LPG bottling plants and other industrial structures. With the advent of pre-engineered metal buildings, many industrial buildings were constructed based on the portal frame concepts. The latest trend is to combine the various concepts of space frames, portal frames, pre-engineered approaches and pre-fabrication in order to offer the best alternative in terms of cost, speed and features including aesthetics.

Canopies, Cabanas and Terrace Structures
These include porticos, car porches, roof top shelters, bus shelters, garden houses, poolside covers etc. Such structures can be standardized into completely or partially knocked down (CKD or PKD) structures using a variety of materials, forms and systems.

Frames
Floors Decks and Roofs.
These are used in multi-storied buildings, car parks, overhead bus and train station platforms, industrial buildings and other civil engineering applications.

Structural Glazing and Glass Walls
These are used in multi-storied buildings to create interesting and clean facades, picture windows and cladding.

Rapid Deployment Structures
These include all structures, which need to be deployed and optionally retracted into smaller or concealed forms, and are quite popular in large stadia, observatories and structures use in artificial satellites in space.

Such structures can also be standardized into completely or partially knocked down (CKD or PKD) structures using a variety of materials, forms and systems.

Stadia and Exhibition Roofs
Stadia and exhibition roofs are challenging applications for most structural systems, materials and technology. As the spans increase and sever support constraints are encountered, the structural system, form and spatial behavior plays a very important role in optimizing the solution.

Space frames, tensile structures, double and multi layer grids and braced domes are all common solutions for such applications. Pre-engineered structures are rarely encountered here, as the design and detailing of stadia is unique and different from one another.

Large-Span Bridges, Flyovers, Elevated Guideways and Grade Separators
These are the emerging new applications for steel structures to replace pre-stressed concrete, although railways have traditionally used steel in such applications.